SONSINO'S BLOG
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Wednesday, October 16, 2024
Wednesday, October 9, 2024
THE SYMBOLISM OF THE NUMBER SEVEN
Rabbi Rifat Sonsino, Ph.D
In the Ancient Near Eastern literature, numbers have mostly
symbolic value. Take, for example , the number seven.
In Hebrew, seven is shivah (cf. Babylonian sebettu).
Its etymology is not clear. It is
also not known how this word is related to sheva, which means “oath.” Is
Beer-Sheva “The well of seven” or “The well of oath” (Gen. 21:31)? Based on its usage in the Hebrew Bible, the
number seven is said to stand for wholeness, fullness and completion. Examples:
In ancient Sumer, the ziggurat, namely, the stepped-tower
of the city of Uruk, had 7 stories. The gates of Uruk had 7 bolts. In the Epic
of Gilgamesh, the goddess Ishtar summoned the Heavenly Bull who threatened the
land with 7 years of famine. The number 7 played a similar role in Ugaritic
literature.
In the Hebrew Bible, numbers are symbolic too.. They are
not to be taken literally. For example, we are told that God created the world
in 6 days and rested on the 7 (Ex 20: 11). Noah brought in 7 pairs of clean
animals into the ark (Gen.7: 2). The ark
rested on the mountains of Ararat in the 7th month (Gen. 8:4). Abraham
gave Abimelech 7 ewe lambs (Gen. 21: 28). Jacob served Laban for 7 years to pay for Rachel (Gen.29:
20). He bowed down to his brother Esau 7 times (Gen.33:3). The siege of Jericho
by Joshua lasted 7 days (Jos 6: 15). Job
had 7 sons (Job 1:2). In the book of Esther, king Ahasuerus held a banquet that lasted 7 days (1:5). The
golden candlestick, the Menorah of the temple in Jerusalem had 7 branches (Ex.25: 31ff). Even multiples of 7 were symbolic, such as , 70
people went down to Egypt (Deut. 10: 22), Solomon had 700 royal wives (IK 11:3), or
Lamech, Noah’s father, lived 777 years (Gen. 5:31). Obviously ,that can’t be
true!!!
Early Christians were also influenced by this trend. For
instance, Jesus is said to have performed 7 miracles on the Holy Sabbath Day. The
New Testament has 7 general epistles. The Book of Revelation talks about 7
churches in Asia.
We find the same in the Quran: it claims there are 7
heavens. Humans are created from 7 ingredients. Pilgrims are expected to go
around the Ka’abah in Saudi Arabia 7
times.
So, when you read a number in Scriptures, don’t take it
literally. Look for its symbolic significance.
SONSINO’S BLOG, rsonsino.blogspot.com
Wednesday, September 11, 2024
SONSINO'S BLOG: HOW MANY BOOKS IN THE BIBLE? WHOSE BIBLE?
Monday, September 9, 2024
HOW MANY BOOKS IN THE BIBLE? WHOSE BIBLE?
Rabbi Rifat Sonsino, Ph.D
When someone, looking
for an authoritarian source, tells you, “It is written in the Bible, “ you
should ask, whose Bible?
Bibles are different;
some have more texts than others.
The Samaritan Bible
(c.1st cent CE) has only the Pentateuch, namely, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus
, Numbers and Deuteronomy. It is also quite different from the Pentateuch in
the Hebrew Bible we have today.
Josephus, the Jewish
historian, (1st cent. CE), mentions only 22 books in the Bible (See. Against Apion I, 37-43), but does not
identify them. 2 Esdras 14:45, an apocryphal book written around 1 or 2 cent.
CE, mentions 24 books, but does not list them.
According to Jewish (rabbinic)
tradition the Hebrew Bible has 24 books, and is divided into three sections:
Pentateuch (5 books), Prophets (8 books), and Writings (11 books) (See
discussion in the Talmud, BB14 b/15a and Taanit 8a; also Midrash Rabba to
Numbers 7, in 14:18). Yet, the Jewish Publication Societies’ Hebrew and English
Bible, contains 39 books. (Here, some books are listed separately, and not
combined as in the traditional Hebrew Bibles). It is estimated that the
Pentateuch was canonized by 400 BCE, the Prophets by 200 BCE and the Writings
by 90 CE (See, The Anchor Bible Dict. I , p. 841). The ancient Rabbis ,
who , according to tradition, finally closed the canon of the Hebrew Bible at
the end of the 1sr cent CE in the city of Yavneh, had serious concerns about
the inclusion of a number of books, such as Esther and Ecclesiastes, but
finally accepted them as holy scriptures (See m Yad 3:5).
The Protestant Bible
has 66 books: 39 for the “Old Testament” (a Christian term) and 27 for the New
Testament. The Catholic Bible, on the other hand, has 73 books: 46 for the Old
Testament and 27 for the New Testament. There are a number of books called
Apocryphal Books, such as Tobit, Judith, I and II Maccabees, written between
400 BCE and 1 cent. CE, that are not part of the Hebrew Bible and the
Protestant Bible, but are included in the Catholic Bible.
It is in the Bible, you say! Whose Bible?
SONSINO’S BLOG, rsonsino.blogspot.com
Wednesday, August 7, 2024
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM NOAH AND THE ARK?
Rabbi Rifat Sonsino, Ph.D
Noah and the Ark is one of the
most popular myths in the ancient Western world. The story of the Flood is told in the Hebrew Bible, in the Book of
Genesis (ch 6-9), but it is based on a
variety of similar stories found in the greater Ancient Near East (ANE). We now
have a Sumerian, two Akkadian, a Hittite, and even a Hurrian version of this
fascinating story.
The basic outline of the
legend is this: at the beginning of time, God told Noah about the upcoming destruction
of the world. Noah then built an ark and brought in his immediate family, a
number of animals and food. They survived the devastating flood. The ark landed
on a mountain, and God made a covenant with Noah, promising not to destroy the
universe in the future.
Even though some people take
this story literally, I believe this is not history but a myth. The miraculous
aspect of the episode, including the placing of all the animals in one boat,
and the destruction of all humanity except for one couple strain the credulity of any critical mind. Furthermore,
there are some differences between the biblical version and the myths found in
other cultures of the ANE. Here are some:
1.
In the Bible, only
one god decrees the Flood. In the others, we have a multiplicity of gods.
2.
In the Bible, the flood
comes because of the depravity of the human race. In the others, it is not so
clear. In the Atrahasis Epic, which is one of the two Akkadian texts, the
rationale is that people are so noisy that the god Enlil cannot sleep!!
3.
In the Bible, Noah
is chosen because he is deemed righteous. In the others, the hero’s character
is irrelevant.
4.
In the Bible, Noah
brings into the ark his immediate family. In the others, the hero brings in
even different kinds of crafts people.
5.
In the Bible, the ark
has three stories and numerous cells. In
the others, the ark is divided into six decks.
Obviously, there was a
wide-range belief circulating in the entire region of the ANE that in ancient
times there was a devastating flood that
caused great damage.
Is there a message
attached to the myth? It is not clear. The Rabbis, however, have many
suggestions. According to one of the commentators, Noah should be praised for
taking care of everyone in the ark. He did not sleep day or night “occupied as
he was with feeding the creatures that
were with him” ( The Book of Legends, p. 28). I would broaden the message, and
based on the biblical claim that in Noah’s days, “the earth was filled with
lawlessness” (hamas in Hebrew), I would say that the editors of the Bible wanted
to stress the need to avoid corruption in society and instead to pursue righteousness
and wholeness in life.
SONSINO’S BLOG,
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Wednesday, July 10, 2024
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE BOOK OF ESTHER
Rabbi Rifat Sonsino, Ph.D
When we read a literary text today, we tend to view it
from our own modern perspective. Take, for example, the case of The Book of
Esther in the Hebrew Bible. When the text says, “And King Ahasuerus said to
Queen Esther and Mordecai” (8:7), a contemporary reader might assume that he must
have sent them a text message!!! As we would today.
The Book of Esther has gone through many levels of
interpretation over the centuries. The text is colorful. It is the raison
d'ĂȘtre of the festival of Purim. The Five Books of Moses does not mention it
among the holy days. It does not include any clear reference to God. Though
fasting is mentioned, no one in the text is seen praying. This is the only book
not found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, maybe because the sect that lived in
Qumran did not celebrate Purim.
The Book of Esther celebrates the heroism of the
beautiful Queen Esther and her adoptive cousin Mordecai living in Persia. The
main motif is how Esther captured the heart of the king of Ahasuerus through her charm , and saved her people from
the vile machinations of the evil Haman on a day to be selected through the
casting of lots (purim, in Hebrew). This is not history but a historical
novel, even a farce, reflecting the tenuous life of the Jews in the diaspora.
It was probably written sometime between 400 and 300 BCE.
Even after it became part of the Hebrew Scriptures, early
translations, bothered by the lack of its religious tone, inserted texts to
make up for it. For example, the LXX, the Greek translation of the Bible, created
in the 3/2 cent. BCE, added a long prayer to Est. 4: 17, that concluded with
“So Mordecai went and did all that Esther commanded him”. ( For the full
English text of Mordecai and Esther’s prayers in the LXX, see The Jerusalem
Bible, p. 561).
The ancient Rabbis had the same problem. They could not
believe that God would be absent from any holy text, so they read into the text
a reference to God. When Mordecai said to Esther (4:14): “if you keep silent in
this crisis, relief and deliverance will come to the Jews from another
quarter.” For the Rabbis, “another quarter” (mimakom aher), had to be
God! (See, Ibn Ezra, ad loc). The Jewish
historian Josephus (1st cent. CE)
says the same thing. (See, Antiq. XI, 6/7). Similarly, the Rabbis were
bothered by the fact that the study of Torah was not mentioned in the book. So,
they said, “Just as Moses taught Torah to the Israelites, so did Mordecai”
(Esther Rabba 5:6/2). Also , noting that prayers were not mentioned in the
book, they added a long one to Esther’s statement in 4:15 (Esther Rabba, 8:7).
But that is not what the text says! We need to read classical
texts , as much as possible, from the perspective of its author in order to
give justice to his/her message.
By the way, at our Monday morning study group, we, a
group of retired Rabbis, just completed
the study of Esther Rabba, a Rabbinic Midrash of Esther that was created in the
Galilee around 500 CE.
SONSINO’S BLOG, rsonsino.blogspot.com
Tuesday, June 4, 2024
NO MORE PROPHETS
Rabbi Rifat Sonsino, Ph.D.
A prophet is more than a forecaster of future events. Technically
speaking , in the Hebrew Bible, a prophet ( “navi”), is a mouthpiece of
God. Prophets claimed they spoke in the name of God. And people around them
believed it. The prophet Jeremiah makes a distinction between true and false
prophets. According to him, false prophets “speak from their own minds, not
from the mouth of the Lord” (23: 16).
Prophecy is well known in the Ancient Near East (ANE). In
various Akkadian texts they are known, among others, as mahhu (“ecstatic”), apilu
(“answerer”), assinu (“cultic functionary”), or nabu (“ diviner”,
parallel to the Hebrew term for prophet, navi).
Both in the ANE and
specifically in ancient Israel, there were male and female prophets. The Hebrew
Bible recognizes these female prophets: Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron
(Ex.15:19), Deborah , also a judge, (Judg.4:4), Huldah (II K 22: 14), and an
unnamed woman simply known as “a prophetess” in the book of Isaiah (8:3), probably,
his wife. In Judaism , the prophet par excellence is Moses (Deut.18:18). Rabbis
add, Sarah, Hannah, Abigayil, and Esther (b. Megillah, 14a). The last prophet
in the Hebrew Bible is Malachi, (“my messenger”). We don’t know his real name. Some claim that was indeed his name; others
suggest it was Ezra or even Mordecai. He lived in the 5th cent. BCE
in the re-settled Judea when the second temple was rebuilt.
The New Testament knows of both
male (for example, Agabus, Acts 11: 29) and female prophets (for example, Anna, Luke 2:36-38). Some Christians attribute prophetic roles to many individuals,
including, Quintilla (3rd cent CE), Joan of Arc (15th
cent.), and George Smith (19th cent.). In Islam, only males are
considered prophets, and Muhammad is viewed as the last one, “the seal of the
prophets” (Sura 33:40). Judaism does not recognize Jesus or Mohammad as
prophets.
Today, it is difficult to call
anyone a prophet, for, not too many people believe a human being can be a
mouthpiece of God. We can invoke God in our prayers and our deeds but beware of
the person who claims he/she can speak in the name of God.
SONSINO’S BLOG, rsonsino.blogpost.con